The Roman shield, known as the scutum, was a crucial piece of defensive equipment used by Roman soldiers throughout the Roman Republic and Empire. It played a significant role in their tactics and formations, contributing to their success on the battlefield.

The face of the scutum was covered with layers , often coated with glue and then painted. The outer layer could be decorated with emblems or patterns that identified the soldier’s unit or legion. These decorations served both practical and psychological purposes, aiding in unit cohesion and intimidation of enemies.

The scutum was not just a passive defense but an active tool in combat. Its curved shape allowed Roman soldiers to interlock their shields, forming the famous testudo or “tortoise” formation, which provided protection from projectiles and even allowed soldiers to advance under heavy fire.